Pam Wang Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (Relié)

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Titre: Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
Condition: Neuf
Auteur: Pam Wang
Contributeur: Pam Wang (Edited by)
Format: Relié
EAN: 9781680959017
ISBN: 9781680959017
Publisher: Delve Publishing
Genre: Science Nature & Math
Année de publication: 2016
Date de publication: 2016-11-30
Description: Chemistry is a physical science that studies the properties and activity of matter, as well as its interactions with other matter and energy. Classically, matter is found in one of three states—solid, liquid, or gas—and is made up of units known as atoms. Atoms are microscopic particles (typically between 100 and 500 pm in diameter) that consist of nucleons (protons and neutrons) and orbiting electrons; they can be neutral or ionized (ions), depending on the relative number of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons. Elements in the Periodic Table are identified by the number of protons they possess in their atomic form. Under appropriate conditions, attractive forces can draw atoms towards each other, creating a chemical bond – the most well known types of which are ionic, covalent, dative, and metallic. Once these chemical bonds are formed, the resulting groups of atoms are referred to as molecules (covalent), complexes (dative), or lattices (ionic or metallic). Molecules can in turn be attracted to each other through intermolecular interactions, such as dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals, and cation-pi. The strength of these intermolecular interactions largely dictates the state (solid, liquid, or gas) of a compound at a given temperature, as well as its solubility in a given solvent.

The law of conservation of energy and the law of conservation of mass are two fundamental physical principles that lie at the heart of chemical reactivity. Reactions are commonly described by chemical equations, from which stoichiometry and thermodynamic parameters can be derived. Empirically measured reaction rates can also be used to obtain information on reaction kinetics, including rate constants and activation energies. For reversible reactions, equilibrium is defined as the point at which the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal. The effect of a change in conditions on a chemical equilibrium is predicted by Le Chatelier’s principle, which states that when a change (e.g. in concentration or temperature) is introduced to a system, the system will adjust itself to counteract that change, thus creating a new equilibrium. Catalysts are agents that lower the activation energy of a reaction and increase the rates of both the forward and reverse reactions (hence do not change equilibrium positions). Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds, which is defined as matter that contains carbon atoms, as well as other elements including, but not limited to, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and the radiostable halogens. A systematic set of nomenclature for organic compounds has been established by IUPAC, although nonsystematic names are also frequently used. For complex molecules, structural formulas are the more common form of representation, allowing for clearer depictions of reaction mechanisms and synthetic routes. Organic synthesis is the construction of compounds from simpler building blocks, while reaction mechanisms are diagrammatic representations of proposed electron flows from starting materials to products. Organic compounds can generally be classified according to their functional groups, for example, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, amines, sulfones, ethers, among many others. Concepts such as hybridization, electronegativity, stereochemistry, and conjugation lie at the core of organic reactions. Biological chemistry, or biochemistry, is a field that examines the chemical processes within living organisms. It encompasses all processes within and outside of the cell—the basic functional unit of life—ranging from the genetic code (DNA) to intercellular signaling events. Molecules in biology are largely organic compounds; the main classes of biomolecules are nucleic acids (carriers of genetic information), proteins (catalytic, structural, and signaling agents), carbohydrates (sources of energy), and lipids (cellular dividers for compartmentalization). Modern biochemical techniques include DNA sequencing, recombinant protein expression, Western blotting, biophysical binding assays, X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, and flow cytometry. The integration of chemistry and biology has contributed significantly to medical advances in the past few decades.
Sujet: Anglais
Nombre des pages: 292
Pays/Région de fabrication: CA
Item Height: 229
Item Length: 152.00

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  • Condition: Neuf
  • Title: Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
  • Titre: Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
  • Auteur: Pam Wang
  • Contributeur: Pam Wang (Edited by)
  • Format: Relié
  • EAN: 9781680959017
  • ISBN: 9781680959017
  • Publisher: Delve Publishing
  • Genre: Science Nature & Math
  • Année de publication: 2016
  • Date de publication: 2016-11-30
  • Sujet: Anglais
  • Nombre des pages: 292
  • Pays/Région de fabrication: CA
  • Item Height: 229
  • Item Length: 152.00

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